Thermodynamics: Entropy and Energy
Ideal Gas Law
PV=nRTorPV=Nk
B
T
Physical Meaning: Describes the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas.
Applications: Tire inflation, atmospheric pressure calculations.
First Law of Thermodynamics
ΔU=Q−W
Physical Meaning: Energy conservation in thermodynamic systems, distinguishing heat transfer and work.
Applications: Analyzing internal combustion engine efficiency, refrigeration systems.
IV. Quantum Physics: Rules of the Microscopic World
de Broglie Wavelength
λ=
p
h
Physical Meaning: All matter exhibits wave-like properties, fundamental to electron microscopy and quantum tunneling.
Applications: Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), semiconductor quantum dots.
Time-Independent Schrödinger Equation
−
2m
ℏ
2
∇
2
ψ+Vψ=Eψ
**Physical Meaning**: The core equation of quantum mechanics, describing particle states and energies.
**Applications**: Atomic spectroscopy, quantum computing algorithms.
